There
are three common interrogative
pronouns: hwā, the ancestor of Modern English who/what;
hwelċ/hwilċ/hwylċ, which gives Modern English which; and hwæðer
'which of two'. Hwā has only a singular form; there is no
distinction between masculine and feminine. The instrumental form is
the ancestor of Modern English why, and is used to mean 'why'.
Interrogative pronoun
'who', 'what'
masculine and feminine
neuter
nominative
hwā
hwæt
accusative
hwone, hwæne
genitive
hwæs
dative
hwām, hwæm
instrumental
hwæ, hwon
The other two interrogative pronouns mentioned
above are inflected as strong
adjectives.
Relative
pronouns.
There
are several ways to make a relative
pronoun. One is simply with the
indeclinable particle ðe:
Ðā
bēoð ēadiġe ðe ġehyrað Godes word [They are blessed who obey
God's word]
Another is to use a
form of the demonstrative se with ðe:
Hē lifode mid ðām
Gode ðām ðe hē ær ðēowode [He lived with that God whom he
earlier had served]
A third way is to
use a form of the demonstrative pronoun alone, without ðe:
Danai ðere
ēa, sēo is irnende of norðdæle [the river Don, which flows from
the north]
When a demonstrative
is used, its case and number will usually be
appropriate to the following adjective clause.
That is the case with both of the examples above, since ðēowian
takes the dative and nominative sēo is the subject of the clause
that it introduces. Sometimes, though, the demonstrative will agree
with the word that the adjective clause modifies:
Uton wē hine ēac
biddan ðæt hē ūs ġescylde wið grimnysse myssenlicra yfela and
wīta ðāra ðe hē on middanġeard sendeð for manna synnum.
[Let us also entreat
him that he shield us from the severity of various evils and
punishments that he sends to the earth because of men's sins.]
The relative pronoun
ðāra ðe agrees with the genitive plural noun phrase myssenlicra
yfela and wīta, which lies outside the adjective clause (ðāra ðe
. . . synnum).
Demonstrative
pronouns.
The
family of demonstratives (this/that/these/those/such) can
behave either as pronouns
or as determiners.
There are two demonstrative
pronouns, se/ðæt/sēo and ðes/ðis/ðēos. The first does the
job of Modern English that/those and also that of the definite
article the. The second does the same job as Modern English
this/these. As with the third-person pronouns, gender is
distinguished only in the singular.
There were two
demonstrative pronouns in OE: ðes
Masc., ðeos
Fem., ðis
Neut. and ðas
pl. They were declined like adjectives according to a five-case
system:
Declension of sē,
sēo, ðæt:
Case
Singular
Plural
M N F
All genders
Nom.
sē, se ðæt
sēo
ða
Gen.
ðæs ðæs ðære
ðāra, ðæra
Dat.
ðæm, ðām
ðæm, ðām ðære
ðām, ðæm
Acc.
ðone ðæt ðā
ðā
Instr.
ðy, ðon ðy,
ðon ðære
ðæm, ðām
Demonstrative
pronoun 'the', 'that', 'those'
masculine
neuter
feminine
plural
nominative
se
ðæt
sēo
ðā
accusative
ðone
ðā
genitive
ðæs
ðære
ðāra, ðæra
dative
ðām
ðām
instrumental
ðy, ðon
Demonstrative pronoun 'this', 'these'
masculine
neuter
feminine
plural
nominative
ðes
ðis
ðēos
ðās
accusative
ðisne
ðās
genitive
ðisses
ðisse, ðisre
ðisra
dative
ðissum
ðissum
instrumental
ðys
Modern English that
comes from the neuter nominative/accusative form. Notice that the
same patterns occur here as in the third-person pronouns:
neuter nominative and accusative forms are the same, masculine and
neuter forms are the same in the genitive and dative cases, and
feminine genitive and dative forms are the same.
The instrumental case is
distinguished only in the masculine and neuter singular; elsewhere
you will see the dative instead.
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← Предыдущий текст Syntax. Word order. Questions. Prepositions and postpositions.
There are three common interrogative pronouns: hwā, the ancestor of Modern English who/what; hwelċ/hwilċ/hwylċ, which gives Modern English which; and hwæðer 'which of two'. Hwā has only a singular form; there is no distinction between masculine and feminine. The instrumental form is the ancestor of Modern English why, and is used to mean 'why'.
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